Pascal Clain

@article{lacour_3784,

title = {Capillary properties of natural fibre assembly for evaporative purposes},

author = {Stéphanie Lacour and Véronique Aguié-Béghin and Brigitte Chabbert and Mario Scheel and Damien Thomas and Pascal Clain},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137145},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-01},

journal = {Colloids And Surfaces A-Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects},

volume = {724},

pages = {137145},

abstract = {Natural fibres are well known for their high efficiency in evaporation and humidification applications, making them a promising solution for cooling processes during heat waves. Mimicking the evapotranspiration mechanisms of trees is essential for designing optimal fibre wicks in canopy-like devices. Such devices are designed by their capillary rising height and water storage capacity. This study examines the water retention properties and capillary rise height of various yarns: retention tests for surface properties and tomographies for topographical aspects are combined to explain observed water rising height in samples. Tomographic analyses document pore sizes, fibre diameters, and water distribution within the wicks. Water retention properties among the samples range from less than 10% to over 20% of dry mass, reflecting significant wettability differences. However, the ultimate height of water ascension primarily depends on the structural yarn properties. Repeated tomographic scans during the rise reveal that water initially ascends in fibre-dense regions. The competition between capillary and tensile forces causes displacements, redistributing fibre densities. In plant fibres, swelling amplifies these displacements and propagates them along the wick axis. Water envelops individual fibres or bundles, penetrating into the lumens. The size of wet lumens increases due to internal capillary pressure, which is influenced by the convexity of the internal walls. This pressure drives a creeping progression of the water front along the fibre axis. The study finds that a high number of strings with intermediate porosities, which accommodate swelling, enhances the capillary rise height. However, further research is needed to fully understand the role of lumens. While they provide additional water storage capacity and facilitate capillary action through small diameters, they may also reduce the flow rate of water ascent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{clain_3784,

title = {Capillary properties of natural fibre assembly for evaporative purposes},

author = {Pascal Clain},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137145},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-01},

journal = {Colloids And Surfaces A-Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects},

volume = {724},

pages = {137145},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {online},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{salehy_2921,

title = {Sustainability and operational performance assessment of supermarket air-conditioning architectures using secondary fluids and slurries},

author = {Yasmine Salehy and Hong Minh Hoang and Pascal Clain and Didier Dalmazzone and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451904924001823?via%3Dihub},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-01},

journal = {Thermal Science and Engineering Progress},

volume = {50},

pages = {102564},

abstract = {Secondary loop architectures and phase change material (PCM) slurries could reduce the environmental impact of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems by lowering significantly the amount of primary refrigerants. However, there is a barrier to their industrial development due to the lack of studies on their behaviour in operational scenarios. The present work analyses the behaviour of different secondary loop systems in an industrial context, here the air conditioning of a supermarket in France. For this purpose, a generic approach, developed in previous work, is proposed to assess their potential of adoption. This modelling approach is able to describe the sustainability and operational performance (energy, environmental, economic, social) of refrigeration systems. After validation of the model on real architecture and components, five standard or new architectures were tested: centralized direct expansion system; secondary loop system with ethylene glycol water; secondary loop system with ice slurries, TBPB hydrate slurries or CO2 hydrate slurries. The main results of this study show that new secondary systems using hydrate slurries have better cooling energy performance than direct expansion or classical brine / ice slurry secondary systems. Moreover, even including pumping power, the life cycle climate performance of secondary loop systems is much better than that of direct expansion systems. However, the total cost of ownership of direct expansion systems is lower than that of secondary systems, but with little differences for smaller pipes. Finally, trade-offs between several performances can be proposed. For example, some architectures with suitable pipe diameters could meet TCO/LCCP-based and CAPEX/pumping-based trade-offs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{samah_2410,

title = {Investigation of ice detachment by a liquid jet on various submerged surfaces for the development of ice slurry generators without mechanical scraping},

author = {Walid Samah and Pascal Clain and François Rioual and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431123014928},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},

volume = {236},

number = {Part A},

pages = {121463},

abstract = {Ice slurry is an alternative method to reduce the quantity and emission of greenhouse refrigerants, as well as control electrical energy consumption. However, the production of ice slurry requires the use of scraped-surface generators, which are costly to maintain and consume high mechanical energy. Therefore, studying the icephobic behavior of surfaces is of interest to significantly reduce ice adhesion and facilitate detachment without the need for mechanical scrapers. This study focuses on the growth, adhesion, and detachment phenomena of ice by liquid jets on different types of surfaces (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic) immersed in a 10 wt% ethanol/water mixture. A liquid jet is used to detach the ice layer from the surfaces, with a velocity ranging from 0 to 2.87 m s?1, and the surface temperature varies from 25 °C to approximately -9 °C. The results show that ice adheres less to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces compared to superhydrophobic surfaces. The use of PTFE-treated aluminum surfaces (hydrophobic) reduces the required flow velocity to detach the ice layer by half compared to untreated aluminum surfaces (hydrophilic). An ANSYS® Fluent numerical model was developed to simulate the evolution of turbulent velocities of immersed liquid jets, and a semi-empirical model was designed to estimate the detachment forces of soft ice from hydrophilic surfaces (untreated aluminum). Two types of ice detachment from surfaces were identified: adhesive detachment and cohesive detachment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{osswald_2464,

title = {Experimental monitoring of CO2 hydrate slurry crystallization by heat flux rate determination in a jacketed reactor},

author = {Véronique Osswald and Pascal Clain and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931023008104},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-01},

journal = {International Journal Of Heat And Mass Transfer},

volume = {217},

pages = {124665},

abstract = {CO2 hydrate slurries are promising phase change materials for secondary refrigeration applications. However, the difficulty of experimentally evaluating the crystallization kinetic of slurries limits their industrial use. Hydrate crystallization kinetics monitoring performs traditionally by a reactor mass balance. However, this method requires assumptions on CO2 liquid phase concentration and the hydration number. This work outlines the development of a specific method to determine kinetics thanks to the direct measure of heat flow through the reactor jacket and its evaluation compared with the mass balance method. The results of each method are then obtained by testing the two kinetic parameters of stirring speed and propeller type. The final hydrate mass fractions obtained with both methods are in good agreement, but the kinetic obtained by the mass balance method is faster than by the heat balance method.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{salehy_2291,

title = {Rheological properties of CO2 hydrate slurries in presence of Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) in a dynamic loop for refrigeration application},

author = {Yasmine Salehy and Pascal Clain and Amokrane Boufares and Nada Chami and Jean-Philippe Torré and Didier Dalmazzone and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250923002725?via%3Dihub},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},

volume = {275},

pages = {118716},

abstract = {Recent studies have shown real potential for using hydrate slurries as a secondary fluid in indirect refrigeration systems. However, pipeline clogging problems can appear due to hydrate agglomeration. Additives are generally used to counteract these problems. In this study, rheological properties of CO2 hydrate slurries in the presence of an additive Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) are investigated. The capillary viscometer method is used to determine the fluid behaviour and the AOT impact on the slurry rheology. A dynamic loop is set up to collect experimental pressure drop and volume flow rate data. Based on the Rabinowitch and Mooney approach and Herschel-Bulkley model to determine the rheological properties, a shear-thinning behaviour was observed. The importance of the behaviour index choice in the procedure is discussed. Finally, the results obtained with AOT are compared with pre-existing studies. The present study highlights the AOT potential to significantly improve the CO2 hydrate slurries properties.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{samah_2080,

title = {Review on ice crystallization and adhesion to optimize ice slurry generators without moving components},

author = {Walid Samah and Pascal Clain and François Rioual and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.devinci.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1359431123000030},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-01},

journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},

volume = {223},

pages = {119974},

abstract = {The current climate crisis requires a radical reduction in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. For the refrigeration industry, secondary refrigeration is one of the most accessible solutions to reduce the use of refrigerants with high greenhouse gas content. In addition, the use of low environmental impact two-phase secondary fluids, namely PCM (phase change material) slurries, such as ice slurries and gas hydrate slurries, can limit the electrical energy consumption involved in the process. Currently, the industry's most commonly used ice slurry production systems are scraped surface and supercooling generators. These have some disadvantages, such as maintenance costs and energy consumption. An ice slurry generator is considered efficient if it meets three criteria: continuous production, low energy consumption and reliable operation. Optimizing ice slurry production with generators without moving components (scraped surface) could be a solution to meet these criteria. The objective of this review is to present a critical analysis of ice slurry production optimization methods proposed in the literature. These methods aim either to prevent ice nucleation to produce supercooled water with a high supercooling degree, or to reduce the adhesion of the ice to the generator walls to facilitate its removal by flow or by external forces (gravity and buoyancy).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chami_1961,

title = {Rheological study of mixed cyclopentane + CO2 hydrate slurry in a dynamic loop for refrigeration systems},

author = {Nada Chami and Yasmine Salehy and Dennis Burgner and Pascal Clain and Didier Dalmazzone and Anthony Delahaye and Laurence Fournaison},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544222025476},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy},

volume = {263},

pages = {125661},

abstract = {The use of CO2 hydrates as phase change materials is promising for secondary loop refrigeration, as these compounds present adjustable dissociation temperature that can be higher than 273.15 K and have high enthalpy of dissociation. In the present work, by using various promoters, cyclopentane (CP) in this study, the formation pressure of hydrates may be significantly lowered than CO2 hydrates. For their application as a secondary refrigerant, the rheological properties of mixed CP + CO2 hydrate slurry need to be controlled. The flow properties of CP and mixed CP + CO2 hydrate slurries were studied in a dynamic flow loop at different cyclopentane contents ranging from 3 wt% to 15 wt%, using a capillary viscometer based on Rabinowitch and Mooney equation. Rheological parameters (viscosity, flow behavior...) related to these two slurries were compared. The experimental results demonstrate that CP and mixed CP + CO2 hydrates slurries exhibit a shear thinning behavior and the viscosity values vary between 3 and 12 mPa.s-1 at [100-1000 s?1] for CP hydrates slurries and between 2 and 10 mPa s?1 at [100-1200 s?1] for CP + CO2 hydrates slurries. CP hydrate and CP + CO2 hydrate slurry viscosity is close to that of TBPB hydrate and lower than that of CO2 hydrate. Moreover, mixed CP + CO2 have shown a time-evolution of the rheological behavior.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{samah_2025,

title = {Experimental investigation on the wetting behavior of a superhydrophobic surface under controlled temperature and humidity},

author = {Walid Samah and Pascal Clain and François Rioual and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775722022063},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Colloids And Surfaces A-Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects},

volume = {656},

pages = {130451},

abstract = {Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) are of great interest in various industrial fields. However, the application of these surfaces in cold, humid and submerged environments (as in the case of ice slurry production) sometimes presents problems related to the loss of their superhydrophobic properties. This paper presents an experimental study in order to characterize the wetting behavior of a surface coated with a commercial superhydrophobic "Ultra Ever Dry" (UED) coating at different surface temperatures (from 22 °C to ? 13 °C) and relative humidity (13%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). Three methods are developed to characterize the wetting behavior. The first method consists in depositing a water drop on the cooled superhydrophobic UED surface. The objective is to characterize the static wetting behavior (evolution of contact angles) during the cooling of the surface for different relative humidity. The second method consists in dropping a water drop on the cooled UED superhydrophobic surface with an impact velocity of 1 m s?1. This method allows the dynamic behavior of the wetting (impact and rebound of the drop) to be characterized at different temperatures. The third method, consists in studying the effect of the immersion of the SHS in a volume of water cooled until supercooling then freezing. The aim is to analyze the wetting behavior in immersion at low temperature. The results of the static wetting study show that the superhydrophobic coating loses its non-wetting properties at temperatures below 13 °C for a relative humidity between 13% and 50% due to condensation on the surface. The results of the dynamic wetting study show that the superhydrophobic coating has poor resistance to water drop impact at surface temperatures below 4 °C. The wetting transition from Cassie to Wenzel state in low temperature immersion is caused by ice formation. The wettability state influences the morphology of the ice produced after freezing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{benmesbah_1960,

title = {Calorimetric study of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate formation and dissociation processes in porous media},

author = {Fatima Benmesbah and Pascal Clain and Olivia Fandino and Véronique Osswald and Laurence Fournaison and Christophe Dicharry and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250922006923},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},

volume = {264},

pages = {118108},

abstract = {Understanding the formation and dissociation mechanisms of gas hydrate in porous media is important for the development of new energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies related to cold storage as they provide significant latent heat and energy density at suitable phase change temperature. The challenge is to understand the interactions between gas hydrates and the chosen storage media in order to assess the operating conditions likely to optimize time and energy consumption in cold production and storage systems. In this work, CO2 hydrates formation and dissociation are investigated in two morphologically different porous materials: sand and silica gels. A calorimetric approach is applied to study both the CO2 hydrate formation kinetics, particularly the induction time, and the amount of hydrate formed for each of the two porous materials. The experiments are performed using a differential thermal analysis device with two identical measuring cells. The present work is focused on assessing the effect of key factors like water saturation, particle size and the morphology of porous media on CO2 hydrate formation and dissociation processes. Overall, the results do not show a statistically significant correlation between these factors and the induction time. Interestingly, the results obtained with dual porous silica gel showed a higher amount of hydrate formed compared to those with sand for similar initial pressure, temperature and water content conditions. This result may be due to the fact that silica gels provide higher surface area due to their smaller particle size (20-45 µm vs 80-450 µm for sand), and the presence of internal pore volume in silica gel particles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chami_1564,

title = {Thermodynamic characterization of mixed gas hydrates in the presence of cyclopentane as guest molecule for an application in secondary refrigeration},

author = {Nada Chami and Sabrina Bendjenni and Pascal Clain and Véronique Osswald and Anthony Delahaye and Laurence Fournaison and Didier Dalmazzone},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250921003559},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal},

volume = {244},

pages = {116790},

abstract = {Gas hydrates have drawn the attention of many scientists because of their potential role in energy applications. By using some thermodynamic promoters, it is possible to form hydrates at reduced pressure and near ambient temperature, which are suitable formation conditions for most industries. In this study, a high pressure micro differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure the dissociation conditions of mixed cyclopentane (c-C5H10) + CO2 hydrates in the system composed of liquid water + liquid hydrocarbon + hydrate + vapour, in a pressure range of 0 to 4.3 MPa in a temperature range of 280 to 292 K. The analysis of the heat flow curve allowed the direct determination of the dissociation enthalpy of c-C5H10 + CO2 hydrates (e.g., ?H=462.5±1.5 kJ. kg-1 water at equilibrium pressure 0.25 MPa) and the average mass heat capacity of c-C5H10 + CO2 hydrates in a temperature range o 277.9-281.2 K (CpH = 1479.09 ± 137.43 J. K-1. kg-1 hydrate at 0.25 MPa).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{benmesbah_1563,

title = {Methane Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in Sand Media: Effect of Water Saturation, Gas Flowrate and Particle Size},

author = {Fatima Benmesbah and Livio Ruffine and Pascal Clain and Véronique Osswald and Olivia Fandino and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/19/5200},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {13},

number = {19},

pages = {5200},

abstract = {Assessing the influence of key parameters governing the formation of hydrates and determining the capacity of the latter to store gaseous molecules is needed to improve our understanding of the role of natural gas hydrates in the oceanic methane cycle. Such knowledge will also support the development of new industrial processes and technologies such as those related to thermal energy storage. In this study, high-pressure laboratory methane hydrate formation and dissociation experiments were carried out in a sandy matrix at a temperature around 276.65 K. Methane was continuously injected at constant flowrate to allow hydrate formation over the course of the injection step. The influence of water saturation, methane injection flowrate and particle size on hydrate formation kinetics and methane storage capacity were investigated. Six water saturations (10.8%, 21.6%, 33%, 43.9%, 55% and 66.3%), three gas flowrates (29, 58 and 78 mLn min?1) and three classes of particle size (80-140, 315-450 and 80-450 µm) were tested, and the resulting data were tabulated. Overall, the measured induction time obtained at 53-57% water saturation has an average value of 58 ± 14 min minutes with clear discrepancies that express the stochastic nature of hydrate nucleation, and/or results from the heterogeneity in the porosity and permeability fields of the sandy core due to heterogeneous particles. Besides, the results emphasize a clear link between the gas injection flowrate and the induction time whatever the particle size and water saturation. An increase in the gas flowrate from 29 to 78 mLn min-1 is accompanied by a decrease in the induction time up to 100 min (i.e., 77% decrease). However, such clear behaviour is less conspicuous when varying either the particle size or the water saturation. Likewise, the volume of hydrate-bound methane increases with increasing water saturation. This study showed that water is not totally converted into hydrates and most of the calculated conversion ratios are around 74-84%, with the lowest value of 49.5% conversion at 54% of water saturation and the highest values of 97.8% for the lowest water saturation (10.8%). Comparison with similar experiments in the literature is also carried out herein.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{boufares_538,

title = {Kinetic study of CO2 hydrates crystallization: Characterization using FTIR/ATR spectroscopy and contribution modeling of equilibrium/non-equilibrium phase-behavior},

author = {Amokrane Boufares and Elise Provost and Didier Dalmazzone and Véronique Osswald and Pascal Clain and Anthony Delahaye and Laurence Fournaison},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250918305451?via%3Dihub},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-08-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},

volume = {192},

pages = {371-379},

abstract = {Gas hydrates are regarded as promising materials for various potential applications. In particular, CO2 hydrates are known for their cold storage capacities, related to their high latent heat of melting. They could be used as high efficiency Phase Change Materials in Phase Change Slurries for secondary refrigeration loops. A better understanding of the crystallization mechanism of CO2 hydrates in slurries and of the resulting formation kinetics is still needed to evaluate and improve the efficiency of hydrate-based secondary refrigeration process. For that purpose, in the present work the real-time evolution of CO2 concentration in the liquid phase was measured in situ during hydrate formation. CO2 hydrates were formed within a stirred reactor equipped with an Attenuated Total Reflection probe coupled with a Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy analyzer. By comparing the measured concentration to calculations based on the assumptions of (a) a liquidvapor equilibrium (LVE) and (b) a hydrate-liquid equilibrium (HLE), it was deduced that the crystallization kinetic is limited by CO2 transfers from the vapor phase to the liquid phase, whatever the experimental conditions tested. As soon as hydrates start forming, the CO2 concentration in the liquid phase almost instantaneously reaches the hydrate-vapor equilibrium (HVE) value at the experimental temperature, while the reactor pressure slowly decreases towards the LVE value defined by Henry's law. Different stirring speeds were experimented in order to check the effect of enhancing CO2 dissolution during hydrate formation. This resulted in faster dissolution of CO2, though still transfer-limited formation kinetics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{salehy_625,

title = {Rheological study on CO2 hydrate slurries for secondary refrigeration},

author = {Yasmine Salehy and Pascal Clain and Amokrane Boufares and Véronique Osswald and Anthony Delahaye and Laurence Fournaison},

url = {https://www.lmaleidykla.lt/ojs/index.php/energetika/article/view/3561},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-11-22},

journal = {Energetika},

volume = {63},

number = {3},

pages = {105-112},

abstract = {To help the fight against climate change, the Kigali deal has planned to eliminate hydrofluorocarbon's use (HFC) in industrial systems. HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential. Moreover, HFCs are commonly used as refrigerant within secondary refrigeration processes for cold production. A solution to limit their negative environmental impact would be to reduce the amount of HFC by using a phase change slurries (PCS) in the secondary loop. A PCS is composed of solid phase change particles (solid-liquid) in a liquid transportation phase. Clathrate hydrates are crystalline particles where gas molecules are trapped in water cages. Due to their high energy densities, hydrate slurries, in particular CO2 hydrates, are relevant two-phase secondary fluids because they enhance the energy efficiency of secondary refrigeration systems. In this study, the rheological behaviour of CO2 hydrate slurries in various experimental conditions on a dynamic loop for cold distribution was investigated. An exhaustive state-of-the-art on the rheological studies of hydrate slurries in aqueous solution has pointed out that hydrate slurries are non-Newtonian fluids. However, the rheological behaviour could be different for a same kind of hydrate slurry according to the literature. Moreover, the literature review also highlighted that the most used measurement method for the apparent viscosity is the capillary viscometer. We used a semi-empirical Herschel-Bulkley's model for determining the apparent viscosity of the CO2 hydrate slurry as a function of the hydrate slurry fraction. This work is primordial for designing and sizing a new efficient refrigeration system based on this innovative material.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{dufour_168,

title = {Impact of pressure on the dynamic behavior of CO2 hydrate slurry in a stirred tank reactor applied to cold thermal energy storage},

author = {Thomas Dufour and Hong Minh Hoang and Jérémy Oignet and Véronique Osswald and Pascal Clain and Laurence Fournaison and Anthony Delahaye},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261917309704?via%3Dihub},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-10-01},

journal = {Applied Energy},

volume = {204},

pages = {641-652},

abstract = {Phase change material (PCM) slurries are considered as high-performance fluids for secondary refrigeration and cold thermal energy storage (CTES) systems thanks to their high energy density. Nevertheless, the efficiency of such system is limited by storage dynamic. In fact, PCM charging or discharging rate is governed by system design (storage tank, heat exchanger), heat transfer fluid temperature and flow rate (cold or hot source), and PCM temperature. However, with classical PCM (ice, paraffin...), phase change temperature depends only on material/fluid nature and composition. In the case of gas hydrates, phase change temperature is also controlled by pressure. In the current work, the influence of pressure on cold storage with gas hydrates was studied experimentally using a stirred tank reactor equipped with a cooling jacket. A tank reactor model was also developed to assess the efficiency of this storage process. The results showed that pressure can be used to adjust phase change temperature of CO2 hydrates, and consequently charging/discharging time. For the same operating conditions and during the same charging time, the amount of stored energy using CO2 hydrates can be three times higher than that using water. By increasing the initial pressure from 2.45 to 3.2 MPa (at 282.15 K), it is also possible to decrease the charging time by a factor of 3. Finally, it appears that the capacity of pressure to increase CO2-hydrate phase-change temperature can also improve system efficiency by decreasing thermal losses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{oignet_68,

title = {Rheological study of CO2 hydrate slurry in the presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in a secondary refrigeration loop},

author = {Jérémy Oignet and Anthony Delahaye and Jean-Philippe Torré and Christophe Dicharry and Hong Minh Hoang and Pascal Clain and Véronique Osswald and Ziad Youssef and Laurence Fournaison},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250916305486?via%3Dihub},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-03-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Science},

volume = {158},

pages = {p294-p303},

abstract = {Secondary refrigeration and thermal energy storage are promising solutions to enhance the performance of refrigeration systems and reduce the impact of refrigerants on the environment. To improve the energy efficiency of secondary refrigeration loops, phase change material (PCM) slurries with a high energy density, such as CO2 hydrate slurries, can be used as a secondary refrigerant. In addition, hydrate-based processes could be an innovative option to capture CO2 from flue gas. In both applications, the rheological properties of the CO2 hydrate slurry have to be controlled.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{clain_340,

title = {Particle size distribution of TBPB hydrates by focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) for secondary refrigeration application},

author = {Pascal Clain and Fatou-Toutie Ndoye and Anthony Delahaye and Laurence Fournaison and Wei Lin and Didier Dalmazzone},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140700714002886},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-03-01},

journal = {International Journal Of Refrigeration-Revue Internationale Du Froid},

volume = {50},

pages = {19-31},

abstract = {Particle size distribution of TBPB hydrates by focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) for secondary refrigeration application?,},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}